Conference Agenda

The coastline of the Oeiras municipality, Portugal is quite popular all year round among residents and tourists, especially due to the beaches. Previous research conducted by the authors (Santos at al., 2022) shows that a tsunami similar to the 1755 event would inundate the beaches. Moreover, the same study shows the first tsunami wave arrived at Paço de Arcos beach 31 minutes after the earthquake, inundating the beach up to 4.4 m high. For this reason, many people could die if they do not evacuate the tsunami inundation zone immediately after the earthquake and before the arrival of the first tsunami wave. In addition, this beach is very interesting to study because it has 5 beach accesses and high ground nearby. On the other hand, the pandemic situation in 2020-2021 allowed a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed analysis of the present population in the Paço de Arcos beach, with the use and collection of access turnstiles control data (CMO, 2021). Thus, the objective of this study is to conduct a tsunami evacuation plan for Paço de Arcos beach.

The research was developed on a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment, on which the cartography of the inundated area was considered, as well as the beach access locations. In addition, the Safe Area was identified; this is an area that must be located on high ground and outside the tsunami inundation zone. Moreover, the number of beach users was evenly distributed over the beach area, and the low-cost paths were calculated by using the Network Analyst tolls for the roads’ network. Finally, the calculation of the beach evacuation time and the total evacuation time was carried out. The population data at the beach consisted on a 24 h records during the summer months of June to September 2021 (Fernandes, 2023). The data is important for this research because there is no available data of the number of present population at the beach, before and after 2021.

The main results show the human carrying capacity of the Paço de Arcos beach was 1000 users, but the data of access turnstiles control data show the maximum occupation was recorded on August 15, which is a national holiday, at 5 pm, with 611 people (Fernandes, 2023). On the other hand, the Safe Area near the beach has a capacity of 1236 people. Therefore, with or without social distance the safe areas are large enough to accommodate the beach users of Paço de Arcos. The results also show the beach can be evacuated very quickly, in less than 3 minutes. The Safe Area can be reached between 8 and 12 minutes, given a total evacuation time of about 10 to 17 minutes, which is less than the tsunami travel time of 31 minutes. However, if people do not evacuate immediately after the earthquake, the total evacuation time can range between 16 to 43 minutes. Therefore, delays in the evacuation may lead to a chaotic evacuation causing unnecessary fatalities.

Against the background of modern climate warming, the intensity of atmospheric precipitations, melting of glaciers, the arrival of landslides and rock avalanches, as well as floods and mudflow, droughts and related forest fires have intensified in the world. This is the main issue for the world's climate warming management policy.

Georgia is also distinguished by the frequency of such natural events, especially its mountainous part. It should be noted that the melting of glaciers, waterfalls and floods have become more active against the background of climate warming. The dammed lakes is also connected with these processes. Their breakthrough is accompanied by catastrophic floods. There have been examples of them in Georgia in the past and it is actively taking place now, a classic example is August 2023 in Racha, Shovi resort. (S. Gorgijanidze2023).

This was preceded by the melting of glaciers, which is taking place in all those areas where there is an intensity of global climatic warming. Topographic maps were prepared, and with their help, the action of the glacier in the entire Buba River valley was investigated during that period. (T.gorgodze 2023). Military units of the Ministry of Defense helped in the rescue process. Soldiers searched for people based on studying the topographical map and using modern techniques.

It is important to learn to manage them. It is important to mention the relations between the National Environmental Agency of Georgia and the international consulting Swiss company "GEOTEST AG". As a result, an early warning system has been installed on the Devodrak glacier.

It should be noted that currently monitoring and observation are not carried out everywhere. In 2017, in June, on the 56th kilometer of the Pshaveli-Abano-Omalo highway, at the place of Nashliani, about landslides of mass fell, which in fact completely blocked the Alazani River of Gometsri, and created dam lake Khiso. The danger is high, because every time it rains, the lake level rises, covering the highway.

The Tsaneri lake on the Tsaneri glacier is of such a new origin. However, this lake is a geographical object formed in the moraines and depressions there during the retreat of the glacier over time. Currently, the lake is not fully studied, although periodic observations are being made. As Levan Tielidze (2021) notes, the lake can burst and flood at any time, (GLOF).It is important to study all the maps of this region, and the hydrographic situation. It is important to install early warning systems in all critical areas. Channels and drains should be made taking into account the mechanism of natural occurrence.

References (optional)

Tengiz Gordeziani*, Zurab Laoshvili, Gocha Gudzuadze,*, Tedo Gorgodze, Manana Sharashenidze, Gocha Jincharadze, Mariam Gagoshashvili . Heoretical cartography structure, connections, functions. Abstracts of the ICA. Olomoutsi. 2023

Gorgijanidze, S. M., Jincharadze, G. A., Silagadze, M. M., & Tchintcharauli, I. R. (2023). The Geography of Risks of Breakthrough of Glacial Lakes and Valleys. Journals of Georgian Geophysical Society, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.60131/ggs.2.2023.7442

Glaciers of the Greater Caucasus- levan tielidze 2021

Crisis management encompasses activities focused on preventing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from crisis situations, with particular attention to their spatial dimensions. Access to detailed spatial information is crucial for determining optimal access routes to danger zones, especially in remote areas without established transportation infrastructure. This research addresses the challenge of planning emergency routes in such off-road areas and presents practical solutions to this problem. Specifically, the study demonstrates the potential use of a previously developed methodology for identifying access routes to hard-to-reach locations outside the regular transport network. By integrating the existing road network with terrain passability maps, high-resolution digital terrain models, and vehicle traction parameters, the approach enables a detailed analysis of microrelief, ensuring that inaccessible areas are effectively excluded from potential routes. This comprehensive method enhances the ability to navigate challenging terrains during crisis situations, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of crisis management efforts.

A key factor in crisis situations is the speed of reaching the destination. Challenges arise when the destination lies outside the established road network, requiring rescue vehicles to traverse difficult terrain. In this study, the process of generating access routes is divided into two stages. First, the route is determined using the existing paved road network. The second stage involves determining the route from the nearest paved road to the destination, using passability maps developed with an automated passability map generation system.

The methodology operates as follows: first, a passability map is created based on land cover data. Next, the starting and ending points for the route are identified. If the destination is situated away from the road network, an additional point is selected on a paved road, positioned as close as possible to the destination. With all essential points determined, the algorithm calculates the most efficient route between the starting point and the additional point on the paved road. The final stage involves mapping out a cross-country route using a graph with traversal costs derived from the terrain passability map, while excluding impassable areas based on detailed microrelief analysis.

The methodology was applied in a case study conducted in Warsaw-West County, Poland. It focused on two single-family homes situated far from paved roads, complicating access for rescue operations. It modelled a fire emergency scenario requiring intervention by a fire truck from the local County Fire Station (MAN TGM 15.290 BL vehicle), highlighting the challenges of reaching these remote locations. The results were further validated through terrain verification.

In conclusion, effective crisis management depends on accurate spatial information to ensure swift access to emergency sites, especially in remote areas. This study showcases a methodology for determining access routes to hard-to-reach locations by combining passability maps, terrain models, and vehicle traction parameters. The approach, validated through a case study in Warsaw-West County, involves first mapping routes via paved roads and then optimizing cross-country access. This methodology improves navigation through challenging terrains, enhancing overall emergency response effectiveness.

The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters lead to justified expectations of new concepts for solving them and significant improvement in disaster risk reduction [DRR] supported by new methodologies and technologies. The abstract's author (further author) reflects on selected questions against the background of key global initiatives and
clarifies some approaches, especially those socially oriented, associated with improving the whole process of DRR. The Sendai Framework [SF], Agenda 2030 (Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs), or COPERNICUS are key enablers respecting the era of Big Data and its Geospatial one, and other available sources of digital data (GEO, GEOSS, GGIM, DBAR, and INSPIRE). World scientific and professional organizations such as ICA (especially the Commission on Cartography for Early Warning and Disaster Risk Management) are introducing new approaches to deal with Early Warning [EW], disaster risk management [DRM], and DRR, respecting the main tasks of SF global objectives and formulating and fulfilling its global indicators. Several are related to the umbrella approach of the International Society of Digital Earth [ISDE]. In connection with the Digital Earth concept. Annoni et al. (2023) and Annoni (2022) described the aspects of the „Digital transformation of global society“, which can be characterized by the „continuous development of Digital Channels, Digital Analytics, and Digital Business model(s)“. There is a huge demand for disaster risk management using digitalization as a key enabler for effective and efficient disaster risk management systems. Digital and intelligence technologies can help solve key aspects of the disaster management cycle. An urgent requirement is the incorporation of the latest approaches from cutting-edge scientific studies into practice in the form of comprehensible, well-thought-out applications (Ariyachandra & Wedawatta, 2023; Ford &
Wolf, 2020; Kremers, 2022; Lienert et al., 2022; Lienert et al., 2021). The effectiveness of realising contemporary challenges depends on investigating relations between Geographical Space and newly established Cyberspace (Chen et al., 2023). The geographical space humankind is living, using, and still investigating and recognizing everyday challenges, but it has a new, strong, and, in many aspects, different partner - Cyberspace.
Artificial Intelligence [AI], Digital Analytics and Visualization, and Digital Twins play an important role in its development. AI is developing through Capabilities-based AI (narrow, general, and super ones) and Functionality AI (reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind, and self-awareness). Cyberspace is generally considered a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology
infrastructures, including the internet, telecommunication networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. (Kirwan & Zhiyong, 2020)
This transformation brings opportunities and challenges to obtain valuable insights into how these two spaces (geographical space and cyberspace) can be mapped and interact with each other. The review of current challenges and future directions offered by close interactions between the two spaces, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
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