XXV General Assembly and Congress of the
International Union of Crystallography - IUCr 2021
August 14 - 22, 2021 | Prague, Czech Republic
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Poster - 55 XAFS: XAFS
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Presentations | |
ID: 1982
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 1
Poster session abstracts Poster Poster session abstracts ID: 893
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 2
All topics Oral/poster MS: New applications of coherent scattering, Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data Keywords: Complex Atomic Form Factor, X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, X-ray Complex Fine Structure, Fourier Transform Holography Complex atomic fine structure in the phase domain: exciting opportunities and challenges 1Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; 2School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; 3XFM beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy has been one of the most powerful tools for probing atomic and molecular structures of materials. However, the measured fine structures in the absorption domain do not have adequate dimensionalities to extract three-dimensional structural information of the material of interest. A technique that allows accurate measurements of atomic fine structure in both the absorption and phase domains will open exciting opportunities in a wide range of fundamental and applied research. In this presentation, we will describe a new technique for determining simultaneously the real and imaginary components of the complex atomic form factor. The technique used Fourier Transform Holography with an extended reference and applicable to both crystalline and amorphous samples. Details of an application of the technique in spectroscopy mode to obtain the X-ray Complex Fine Structure across the copper K-edge will be discussed. ID: 1312
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 3
Methods and instruments Oral/poster MS: Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data Keywords: Dispersion, Absorption Edge, Synchrotron Dispersion Refinements in the Range of Absorption Edges 1Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; 2OlexSys Ltd, Chemistry Department, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK; 3Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, 54000 Nancy, France; 4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK; 5Rossendorf Beamline (BM20-CRG), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France Most crystallographers avoid to perform experiments in the area around an absorption edge of an involved heavy element. Although standard refinement procedures account for dispersion effects, the structure models tend to become unreliable in this range of energies. This originates from the fact that tabulated dispersion values f’ and f” are used. Tables from different sources differ significantly from one another and do not take the chemical environment of atoms in a crystal structure into account at all. In contrast, XAFS spectroscopists are particularly interested in the energy range around absorption edges and derive valuable information from it. Experiments in our home lab at four different wavelengths (Cu Kα, Cu Kβ, Mo Kα, Ag Kα) and moreover at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility were carried out to investigate the influence of dispersion in structure models. The presentation reports on the results of an inclusion of dispersion refinement into crystal structure determinations. We observe a good correlation between the absorption spectrum of a given element and the refined dispersion values. Furthermore, the structure model remains unchanged before, after and even at the absorption edge. ID: 425
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 4
Bursary application Oral/poster MS: X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction in art and archaeology, Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data, XAS and crystallography allied for geomaterials and environmental problems, Catalysis: functionalized materials studied by XRD and XAFS Keywords: IUCr2020; XAFS; self-absorption; fluorescence Solving Self-Absorption in Fluorescence University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia 95% of XAS research uses measurement of secondary fluorescence photons, which suffers from uncalibrated detector efficiencies and a dominant systematic of self-absorption of the fluorescence photon, which compromises accuracy, analysis and insight. We have developed, coded and implemented a novel self-consistent method to correct for self-absorption seen in high-energy fluorescence X-ray measurements [1, 2]. This method and the resulting software package can be applied to any fluorescence data set. The complexes considered here, n-pr and i-pr, have been shown to have local metal environments with approximate tetrahedral and square planar coordination geometries using transmission mode XAS [3]. This provides an excellent test of fluorescent multi pixel data and demonstrates the merit of using complimentary techniques to confirm molecular geometries. A dramatic discrepancy is seen between the spectra from the two measurements. This is due to the self-absorption systematic and also to uncalibrated detector efficiencies in the fluorescence measurement. While the detector efficiency can be corrected for, there is currently no self-consistent method for removing the effect of self-absorption from the spectra. In this work, we predict to high accuracy the magnitude of dispersion and energy functional due to self-absorption. As a result, the dispersion is greatly reduced, and the spectral shape follows the classic XAS trend (Fig. 1). The results presented here demonstrate a dramatic improvement over any previous work in the literature. Our modern theory is of the best quality, allowing our self-absorption correction to be applied to any fluorescence XAS data set and opening up an entire class of experimental investigation. Figure 1. Ni i-pr SeAFFluX-corrected spectra with a scaled overplot of the transmission XAS spectra. Bibliography
[1] R. M. Trevorah, et al., IUCr J, 6, 586 (2019) [2] R. M. Trevorah, et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 124, 8, 1634 (2020) [3] C. T. Chantler, et al., J. Synchrotron Radiat. 22, 1008 (2015). ID: 227
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 5
Bursary application Oral/poster MS: X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction in art and archaeology, Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data, XAS and crystallography allied for geomaterials and environmental problems Keywords: EXAFS; XRD; Pd; catalyst; metal-organic framework; CO2. X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of metal-organic frameworks functionalized by Pd: Formation and growth of Pd nanoparticles Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation UiO-66/67/68 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show an incredible thermal and chemical stability, which makes them promising materials for catalysis. Functionalization has played an important role in enhancing the material potentialities, by insertion of other metals in the inorganic cornerstones and by functionalization of linkers by additional metals. This research is aimed to investigate the structure and catalytic properties of series of new UiO-67 metal-organic frameworks functionalized with palladium by in situ and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The main goals were to determine (i) the key steps of formation of the nanoparticles in UiO-67 pores, (ii) prove the stability of materials upon activation and reaction conditions, and (iii) obtain the structure-reactivity relationships during catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. The synthesized materials were studied at the at BM31 beamline of ESRF (Grenoble, France) by simultaneous Pd K-edge XAS and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the output of the mixture was analysed by online mass spectrometer. XAS was used as the main experimental technique, because of its sensitivity to the local atomic environment around palladium atoms. At the same time, XRD confirmed the stability of UiO-67 crystal structure during the formation of catalytically active species [1]. The samples were activated in situ by heating in a flow of H2 and He from room temperature to 300 °C and left at this temperature for 30 min to allow the formation of nanoparticles. The activated material was cooled down to 240 °C, and exposed to a reaction mixture (7.5, 2.5, and 10 mL/min of H2, CO2, and He, respectively). The reaction was run at 240, 200, and 170 °C under total pressure of 1 and 8 bar, for 2 h under each of the above conditions. Under reaction conditions, interatomic distances (RPd-Pd) systematically increase for all samples, being larger for lower temperatures and high pressures. After cooling down in reaction mixture, the values of RPd-Pd ~ 2.81 Å are observed, which are close to that reported for palladium hydrides [2]. However, flushing with helium, gives RPd-Pd ~ 2.77 Å which is considerably higher than in metallic palladium. This indicates that apart from palladium hydride, an additional phase is present in the samples. The coordination numbers are close to 10 corresponding to the particle size of 2.6 nm [3]. Within the experimental error, the values are stable and do change during reaction. At the same time, XRD shows a response of UiO-67 crystal structure by increasing the cell parameters with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature, indicative of the adsorption of reactive molecules in MOF. Summarizing, we showed that under reaction conditions a mixture of palladium hydride and carbide phases is formed during CO2 hydrogenation in Pd nanoparticles confined inside the pores of UiO-67. The hydride phase is stronger at high pressure and low temperatures, but is removed upon flushing in He, while the carbide one is stable even after flushing. [1] - Bugaev A. L., Guda A. A., Lomachenko K. A., et al. (2018). Faraday Discuss. 208, 287 [2] - Bugaev A. L., Guda A. A., Lomachenko K. A., et al. (2017) J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 18202 [3] - Kamyshova E. G., et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem. in press, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.02.003. Bibliography
•Bugaev, A. Guda, K. Lomachenko, E. Kamyshova, et al. Operando study of palladium nanoparticles inside UiO-67 MOF for catalytic hydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Faraday Discus., 2018. DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00224f •Bugaev, V. Polyakov, A. Tereshchenko, A. Isaeva, A. Skorynina, E. Kamyshova, et al. Chemical synthesis and characterization of Pd/SiO2: the effect of chemical reagent. Metals, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/met8020135 •E. Kamyshova, A. Skorynina, A. Bugaev, C. Lamberti, A. Soldatov. Formation and growth of Pd nanoparticles in UiO-67 MOF by in situ EXAFS. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2019 (in press) DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.02.003 •Aram L. Bugaev, Alina A. Skorynina, Elizaveta G. Kamyshova, Kirill A. Lomachenko, Alexander A. Guda, Alexander V. Soldatov, Carlo Lamberti. “In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy data during formation of active Pt- and Pd-sites in functionalized UiO-67 metal-organic frameworks”. Data in Brief, Volume 25, August 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104280 •Bugaev, K. Lomachenko, A. Guda, E. Kamyshova, et. al. Formation of metal nanoparticles inside UiO-67 metal-organic framework by in situ and operando X-ray absorption and diffraction 17th International conference on X-ray absorption fine structure XAFS-2018, 22-27 July 2018. Poster II-10. •“X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of metal-organic frameworks functionalized by Pd for catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 (Рентгеновская абсорбционная спектроскопия металл-органических каркасов, функционализированных Pd, для каталитического гидрирования CO2)” Kamyshova E., Skorynina A., Bugaev A.L., Soldatov A. Book of abstract «XI International Conference Mechanisms of Catalytic Reactions». October 7-11 2019. •“The formation and growth of palladium nanoparticles in the metal-organic UiO67 framework structure according to in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy” Kamyshova Elizaveta, A. Skorynina, A. Bugaev, A. Soldatov, C Lamberti. Book of abstract «1st International School on Advanced Porous Materials”. June 17-21 2019. •“In situ Спектроскопии рентгеновского поглощения по данным для исследования локальной атомной структуры МОК UiO-67 функционализированной Pd” Kamyshova E. Book of abstract «All-Russian Scientific Conference of Physics Students XXV» April 19-26, 2019. •“The formation and growth of palladium nanoparticles in the metal-organic frame structure of UiO-67 according to in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy” E. G. Kamyshova, A. L. Bugaev, A. A. Skorynina, A. V. Soldatov, K. Lamberti. Book of abstract “LIII PNPI Condensed Matter Physics”. March 11-16, 2019. •“Formation of active Pd-sites in UiO-67 metal-organic frameworks” Kamyshova Elizaveta, A. Skorynina, A. Bugaev1, A. Soldatov, C Lamberti. Book of abstract: “THE 7th INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS “SMART NANOMATERIALS”. WORKSHOP “DESIGN OF POLYFUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES: THEORY AND SYNTHESIS”. October 23-26 2018. •“Formation of metal nanoparticles inside UiO-67 metal-organic framework by in situ and operando X-ray absorption and diffraction” A. Bugaev, K. Lomachenko, A. Guda, E. Kamyshova, et al Book of abstract «17th International conference on X-ray absorption fine structure» XAFS-2018. June 22-27 2018 г. •“Formation of palladium nanoparticles inside UiO-67 according to in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy” A.L. Bugaev, A.A. Guda, K.A. Lomachenko, E. Kamyshova, M.A Soldatov, G. Kaur, S. Øien-Ødegaard, L. Braglia, A. Lazzarini, M. Manzoli, S. Bordiga, U. Olsbye, K. Petter Lillerud, A.V Soldatov and C. Lamberti Book of abstract “International Workshop for young researchers “Smart Materials & Mega-Scale Research Facilities”. April 23, 2018 г. •“The formation and growth of palladium nanoparticles in the metal-organic frame structure of UiO-67 according to in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy” E. G. Kamyshova, A. L. Bugaev, A. A. Skorynina, A. V. Soldatov, K. Lamberti. Book of abstract “LIII PNPI Condensed Matter Physics”. March 11-16, 2019 •“Analysis of palladium nanoparticles according to transmission electron microscopy in the ImageJ software package” Kamyshova E.G. Publication in the collection of abstracts “XIII Annual Youth Scientific Conference of Students, Graduate Students and Young Scientists“ Research and Development of Advanced Scientific Directions ”. April 17–27, 2017 •“Transmission electron microscopy analysis of palladium nanoparticles using ImageJ”. E. G. Kamyshova. Book of abstract “IWSN2017, THE 6thI NTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS “SMARTNANOMATERIALS”. September 15, 2017 г. •“Dependance of palladium nanoparticles size on synthesis condition”. Bugaev A.L., Tereschenko A.A., Isaeva A.N., Skorynina A.A., Usoltsev O.A, et al. Book of abstract “IWSN2017, THE 6thI NTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS “SMARTNANOMATERIALS”. September 15, 2017 г. •“Core-shell structure of nanoparticles in palladium carbide” O.A. Usoltsev, A.L. Bugaev, A.A. Scorynina, A.A. Tereschenko, A.N. Isaeva, S.V. Doronkina, E. G. Kamishova. Book of abstract “IWSN2017, THE 6thI NTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS “SMARTNANOMATERIALS”. September 15, 2017 г. •“Dark-field transmission electron microscopy for nanoparticle analysis” Kamyshova E.G. Program and abstracts of the 69th student scientific conference of the Faculty of Physics. 2017 (printed book) ID: 891
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 6
All topics Oral/poster MS: Beyond pure point diffraction: Theory and application of diffuse scattering, New applications of coherent scattering, Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data Keywords: XAFS, Diffuse Scattering, Zinc Selenide, Crystal Structure Determination, Powder Diffraction High accuracy determination of photoelectric crosssections, X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and nanostructure analysis of zinc selenide using the X-rayExtended Range Technique 1University of Melbourne, Melbourne , Australia; 2La Trobe University; 3Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Measurements of mass attenuation coefficients and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of zinc selenide (ZnSe) are reported to accuracies typically better than 0.13%. The high accuracy of the results presented here is due to our successful implementation of the X-ray Extended Range Technique (XERT), a relatively new methodology, which can be set up on most synchrotron X-ray beamlines. 561 attenuation coefficients were recorded in the energy range of 6.8 keV to 15 keV that was independently calibrated using powder diffractometry, with measurements concentrated at the zinc and selenium pre-edge, near edge and fine structure absorption edge regions. The removal of systematic effects as well as coherent (Thermal Diffuse) and incoherent (Compton) scattering processes produced very high accuracy values of photoelectrc attenuation which in turn yielded a detailed nanostructural analysis of room temperature ZnSe with full uncertainty propagation. Bond lengths, accurate to 0.003 Å to 0.009 Å, or 0.1% to 0.3%, are plausible and physical. Small variation from a crystalline structure suggests local dynamic motion beyond that of a standard crystal lattice, noting that XAFS is sensitive to dynamic correlated motion. The results obtained in this work are the most accurate to date with comparisons to theoretically determined values of the attenuation showing discrepancies from literature theory of up to 4%, motivating further investigation into the origin of such discrepancies. ID: 540
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 7
Bursary application Oral/poster MS: X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction in art and archaeology, XAS and crystallography allied for geomaterials and environmental problems, Energy Materials Special sessions: Introduction to machine learning Keywords: LiCoPO4, MOF, XRD, XAS, PCA. Facile synthesis of nano-structure LiCoPO4@UiO-66 particles and its in-situ XAS, structural properties and electrochemical characterization for lithium batteries Southern federal university, Rostov on-Don, Russian Federation Nanostructured LiCoPO4@UiO-66 were facilely synthesized by MW- assisted solvothermal in one pot-coating at three hours. We introduce a facilely and novel route to enhance the conductivity and the performance of electrochemical properties. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-synthesized samples was indexed to a single olivine orthorhombic structure with a Pnma space group, as shown in figure a. TEM analysis exhibited that the particle size of LiCoPO4 was reduced due to the additive of UiO-66 into precursor solution, and there are small particles of ZrO2 coated the LiCoPO4 owing to post-annealing, as exhibited in figure b. The first discharge capacity of the LiCoPO4@UiO-66 electrode was 146 mAh.g-1 at 0.05 C in a voltage range of 3.0- 5.27 V, corresponding to approximately 87% of its theoretical capacity (167 mAh/g) as shown in figure d. The X-ray absorption for the as-synthesized samples confirmed the phase is a single and orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma- LiCoPO4 in agreement with calculated spectra by FDMNES, as shown in figure c. At this point, the aim was to determine the local environment of the Co, upon the lithiation/de-lithiation process, while testing the in-situ cell at the C/5 current rate in the 3-5.27 V voltage range. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the LiCoPO4@UiO-66 has two components implying to the noted degradation referred to the resistance of the electrolyte, as shown in figures e,f. Bibliography
1-A.M. Aboraia, A.A.A. Darwish, V. Polyakov, E. Erofeeva, V. Butova, Heba Y. Zahran, Alaa F. Abd El-Rehim, Hamed Algarni, I.S. Yahia, Alexander V. Soldatov, Structural characterization and optical properties of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) for solid-state electronics applications, optical materials, 100(2020)109648. 2-Igor L.Shukaev, Vera V.Butova, Sergey V.Chernenko, Andrey A.Pospelov, Victor V.Shapovalov, Alexander A.Guda, Abdelaziz M.Aboraia, Heba Y.Zahran, Ibrahim S.Yahia, Alexander V.Soldatov, New orthorhombic sodium iron(+2) titanate, Ceramics International 46 (2020) 4416–4422. 3-Abdelaziz M. Aboraia, V.V.Shapovalov, K.Vetlitsyna-Novikova, A.A.Gud, V.V.Butova, H.Y.Zahran, I.S.Yahia, A.V.Soldatov, First-principle calculation for inherent stabilities of LixCoPO4, NaxCoPO4, and the mixture LixNayCoPO4, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 136, January 2020, 109192. 4-Vera V.Butova, Vladimir A.Polyakov, Elena A.Bulanova, Mikhail A.Soldatov, Ibrahim S.Yahia, Heba Y.Zahran, Alla F.Abd El-Rehim, HamedEl Garni, Abdelaziz M.Aboraia, Alexander V.Soldatov, MW synthesis of ZIF-65 with a hierarchical porous structure, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,293 (2020) 109685. 5-A.A.A.Darwish, A.M.Aboraia, Alexander V.Soldatov, I.S.Yahia, Deposition of Rhodamine B dye on flexible substrates for flexible organic electronics and optoelectronic: Optical spectroscopy by Kramers-Kronig analysis, Optical Materials, Volume 95, September 2019, 109219. 6-Vera V.Butova, Elena A.Bulanova, Vladimir A.Polyakov, Alexander A.Guda, Abdelaziz M.Aboraia, Viktor V.Shapovalov, Heba Y.Zahran, Ibrahim S.Yahia, Alexander V.Soldatov, The effect of cobalt content in Zn/Co-ZIF-8 on iodine capping properties, Inorganica Chimica Acta, Volume 492, 24 June 2019, Pages 18-22. 7-M. Aslam Manthrammel, A.M.Aboraia, Mohd Shakir, I.S. Yahia, Mohammed A. Assirif, H.Y. Zahran, V. Ganesh, S. AlFaify, Alexander V. Soldatov, Optical analysis of nanostructured rose bengal thin films using Kramers–Kronig approach: New trend in laser power attenuation, Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 207–214 8-Assiri, M.A., Aslam Manthrammel, M., Aboraia, A.M., Yahia, I.S., Zahran, H.Y., Ganesh, V., Shakir, M., AlFaify, S., Soldatov, A.V, Kramers–Kronig calculations for linear and nonlinear optics of nanostructured methyl violet (CI-42535): New trend in laser power attenuation using dyes, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 552(2019), 62-70. 9-V.V. Shapovalov, A.A. Guda, N.V. Kosova, S.P. Kubrin, O.A. Podgornova, A.M.Aboraia, C. Lamberti, A.V. Soldatov Soldatov, Laboratory operando Fe and Mn K-edges XANES and Mössbauer studies of the LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 cathode material, Radiation Physics and Chemistry in press 10- M.A., Martini, A., Bugaev, A.L., Pankin, I., Medvedev, P.V., Guda, A.A., Aboraia, A.M., Podkovyrina, Y.S., Budnik, A.P., Soldatov, A.A., Lamberti, C, The insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy into the local atomic structure and chemical bonding of Metal-organic frameworks, Polyhedron,155 (2018), 232-253. 11-Butova, V.V., Polyakov, V.A., Budnyk, A.P., Aboraia, A.M., Bulanova, E.A., Guda, A.A., Reshetnikova, E.A., Podkovyrina, Y.S., Lamberti, C., Soldatov, A.V. Zn/Co ZIF family: MW synthesis, characterization, and stability upon halogen sorption, Polyhedron,154(2018), 457-464. ID: 492
/ Poster - 55 XAFS: 8
Bursary application Oral/poster MS: Stimuli-responsive crystalline compounds, Advanced methods for analysis of XAFS and crystallographic data Keywords: Valence tautomerism, spatial mapping, cobalt complexes, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption Mapping the thermo-induced valence tautomerism in Cobalt dioxolane single crystals 1Physics department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil; 2Chemistry department, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, ES - Brazil; 3European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany; 4Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695‐8204, USA; 5Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, ISIC-FSB-BSP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland The development and investigation of smart materials, which present bistability when exposed to external stimuli is a key challenge to material physics and chemistry. Among the various types of these materials, the valence tautomers are compounds which switch between different electronic and spin states and can be used as sensors, signal processors and memory storage [1] since their solid structure does not present substantial rupture during the valence tautomerism (VT) interconversion. The VT has been studied in molecules with a cobalt metal center, nitrogen based ancillary ligands and semiquinone radicals [2-3], and it was observed that it is modulated by the ancillary ligand. For these cobalt complexes, the VT takes place in a reversible fashion [4], in both liquid state and solid state, as single crystals, being possibly dependent on the solid-state arrangement of the complexes and on solvation [5-6]. The VT in such molecules can be induced by temperature as first and second order transitions with a wide range of characteristic T1/2 according to the ancillary ligand. In the low temperature regime, the VT is also shown to be induced with photo irradiation in multiple wavelengths. Interestingly, it can also be induced with soft and hard X-rays irradiation with high yield of metastable isomers [7-8]. Among the cobalt complexes that display VT, the cobalt 3,5-di-tert-butyl semiquinone pyridine complex is a particularly interesting tautomer, because not only its valence tautomerism can be thermo and photo-induced, but also turned on or off by the presence of solvent molecules in the crystal lattice [5]. It can be crystallized in two different forms, with and without a solvent molecule in the crystal lattice. The first shows no temperature dependence of its magnetic susceptibility, and in the second, the same dependence indicates that only half of the cobalt centers in the unit cell present VT, which we confirmed in X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. This, along with results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, raised an interesting possibility of studying the behavior of particular sites of the crystal separately, utilizing X-ray energies around the cobalt K-edge to understand how each particular site responds to the temperature and how the total VT interconversion takes place within the crystal lattice. In our work we combine the site selectivity of XRD and the characteristic resonant X-ray absorption by cobalt atoms in different oxidation states, in order to spatially map the thermo-induced valence tautomerism within the crystal, and also within the cobalt complexes. Bibliography
Samara, Y. N., Brennan, H. M., McCarthy, L., Bollard, M. T., Laspina, D., Wlodek, J. M., ... Soares, A. S., Leroy, L* (2018). Using sound pulses to solve the crystal-harvesting bottleneck. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Structural Biology, 74(10), 986-999. Leroy, L., Barbosa, J. A. R. G., de Prat‐Gay, G., Polikarpov, I., & Pinheiro, C. B. (2020). The structure of the extended E2 DNA‐binding domain of the bovine papillomavirus‐1. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 88(1), 106-112. |
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