The transition to electric bus fleets introduces complex lifecycle cost (LCC) implications, which include vehicle procurement, charging infrastructure, battery replacement, and operational planning. Understanding how these costs are structured and interpreted is critical for evaluating long-term investment considerations in electrified public transport systems. This paper
presents a systematic literature review that synthesises how LCC frameworks for electric bus fleet transitions are currently defined, structured, and applied within the literature.

The findings indicate growing academic attention to lifecycleoriented cost evaluation, accompanied by substantial variation in methodological assumptions, cost boundaries, infrastructure treatment, battery modelling approaches, and planning horizons. These differences limit comparability across studies and influence how LCC evidence can support long-term planning and investment evaluation. The review clarifies the current state of LCC frameworks, identifies methodological gaps, and highlights the need for more transparent and structured approaches that strengthen the role of LCC’s role in cost-informed decisionmaking
for electric bus fleet transitions within broader decarbonisation and energy system transformation contexts.

This paper presents a method for analysing fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions from maritime traffic, based on data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Using this method, the number of ships and the time spent in a selected region can be extracted, and finally, the resulting energy consumption and emissions to the air can be estimated. The method can also be used to identify hot-spots in the ship traffic, where future energy stations could be localised for the supply of the new low- and zero-carbon fuels required for the green shift. This paper demonstrates the methodology with a focus on aquaculture service vessel activities along the Norwegian coast.

The transition to Battery Electric Trucks (BETs) challenges logistics operators to balance vehicle range with charging infrastructure investment. Increasing battery capacity reduces range anxiety but introduces weight and cost penalties, particularly constraining adoption in developing markets with limited planning guidance. This paper proposes a quantitative planning framework that aligns vehicle energy demand with operational downtime to assess BET feasibility. Employing a bottom-up approach, the framework and its methodology are fundamentally shaped by the operational constraints of a case study involving a fresh produce supplier in South Africa on daily, repetitive routes. Moving beyond static range estimates, the framework evaluates dynamic charging opportunities within existing logistics schedules. Results show that leveraging operational downtime for opportunity charging maintains State of Charge (SOC) within safe margins without maximising battery capacity. Sensitivity analysis indicates that daily distance drives operational risk, while vehicle capital cost dominates financial feasibility. The study concludes that prioritising charging infrastructure integration over extended vehicle range improves both operational resilience and economic viability.

Norwegian maritime investment support programmes rank hydrogen-vessel projects by requested public support per installed hydrogen-based maximum continuous rating (MCR), subject to a 30 M€ cap. While this capacity-normalised rule can reward high installed hydrogen power, it does not reveal whether a proposed architecture is operationally deliverable or how the binding cap reshapes investor-funded CAPEX. This study considers a hybrid maritime power plant comprising a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, a battery energy storage system, and onboard cryogenic (liquid) hydrogen storage. A planning-level mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework is developed to generate feasibility-constrained designs under the ranking rule over a representative multi-day vessel-demand cycle derived from logged onboard measurements. The model sizes the battery (energy and power) and liquid-hydrogen storage and determines a feasible dispatch subject to battery limits, PEMFC dynamics, and refuelling constraints; PEMFC fuel use is represented through a piecewise-linear efficiency-based mapping. Sensitivity analyses across installed PEMFC capacity, ramp capability, and refuelling interval quantify how operational constraints map into minimum buffering and storage requirements and, in turn, into ranking-index behaviour. The framework identifies a competitive reference configuration that minimises investor-funded CAPEX among competitive designs and benchmarks its ranking index against reference levels from prior programme calls. Overall, the framework provides a reproducible optimisation-based method to analyse how feasibility constraints and ranking incentives jointly shape hybrid-system sizing outcomes.